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Что (кто) такое backward - определение

TERM FOR SOCIALLY OR EDUCATIONALLY DISADVANTAGED CASTES IN INDIA

Backward Class; Other Backward Classes; Backward class; Other Backwards Class; Other Backward Castes; Backward Castes; Backward Caste; Backward Classes; Backward castes; Other backward caste; Other Backward classes; Backward classes; OBC quota; Lower Caste; Other backward class; Backward Class (BC); Most Backward Class (MBC); Denotified Community (DCN); Other Backward Class (OBC); List of Other Backward Classes; List of OBCs; Backward communities; Socially and Educationally Backward Class; Other backward classes; Economically socially backward; Economically backward caste; Most backward caste; Most backward class; Other Backward Caste; Socially backward class; Socially backward caste

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backward

WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE

Backward; Red Dwarf: Backwards; Backwards (disambiguation); Sdrawkcab

¦ adjective

1. directed behind or to the rear.

2. having made less progress than is normal or expected.

(of a person) having learning difficulties.

3. [with negative] (backward in) lacking the confidence to do: he was not backward in displaying his talents.

4. Cricket (of a fielding position) behind an imaginary line passing through the stumps at the batsman's end at right angles to the wicket.

¦ adverb variant of backwards.

Derivatives

backwardly adverb

backwardness noun

Origin

ME: from earlier abackward, from aback.

backward

WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE

Backward; Red Dwarf: Backwards; Backwards (disambiguation); Sdrawkcab

I. a.

1.

Unwilling, reluctant, loath, disinclined, indisposed, wavering, hesitating. See averse.

2.

Dull, sluggish, slow, stupid, stolid. See dull.

3.

Late, tardy, behindhand, after the usual time.

II. ad.; (also backwards)

Regressively, rearward, aback, behind. See abaft.

backward

WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE

Backward; Red Dwarf: Backwards; Backwards (disambiguation); Sdrawkcab

Note: In American English, 'backward' is usually used as an adverb instead of 'backwards'. 'Backward' is also sometimes used in this way in formal British English. See 'backwards' for these uses.

1.

A backward movement or look is in the direction that your back is facing. Some people use backwards
for this meaning.

He unlocked the door of apartment two and disappeared inside after a backward glance at Larry...

He did a backward flip.

? forward

ADJ: ADJ n

2.

If someone takes a backward step, they do something that does not change or improve their situation, but causes them to go back a stage.

At a certain age, it's not viable for men to take a backward step into unskilled work...

? forward

ADJ: ADJ n

3.

A backward country or society does not have modern industries and machines.

We need to accelerate the pace of change in our backward country.

? developed

ADJ

• backwardness

I was astonished at the backwardness of our country at the time.

N-UNCOUNT

4.

A backward child has difficulty in learning.

I was slow to walk and talk and my parents thought I was backward.

ADJ

• backwardness

...her backwardness in practical and physical activities.

N-UNCOUNT

Backward

WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE

Backward; Red Dwarf: Backwards; Backwards (disambiguation); Sdrawkcab

·noun The state behind or past.

II. Backward ·adj Already past or gone; bygone.

III. Backward ·adj Late or behindhand; as, a backward season.

IV. Backward ·vi To keep back; to Hinder.

V. Backward ·adj Unwilling; averse; reluctant; hesitating; loath.

VI. Backward ·adj Directed to the back or rear; as, backward glances.

VII. Backward ·adv ·Alt. of Backwards.

VIII. Backward ·adj Not advanced in civilization; undeveloped; as, the country or region is in a backward state.

IX. Backward ·adj Not well advanced in learning; not quick of apprehension; dull; inapt; as, a backward child.

Backwards

WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE

Backward; Red Dwarf: Backwards; Backwards (disambiguation); Sdrawkcab

·adv By way of reflection; reflexively.

II. Backwards ·adv On the back, or with the back downward.

III. Backwards ·adv Toward, or in, past time or events; ago.

IV. Backwards ·adv With the back in advance or foremost; as, to ride backward.

V. Backwards ·adv Toward the back; toward the rear; as, to throw the arms backward.

VI. Backwards ·adv From a better to a worse state, as from honor to shame, from religion to sin.

VII. Backwards ·adv In a contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction; contrarily; as, to read backwards.

backwards

WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE

Backward; Red Dwarf: Backwards; Backwards (disambiguation); Sdrawkcab

Note: in AM, use 'backward'

1.

If you move or look backwards, you move or look in the direction that your back is facing.

The diver flipped over backwards into the water...

He took two steps backward...

Bess glanced backwards...

Keeping your back straight, swing one leg backwards.

ADV: ADV after v

•

Backwards is also an adjective.

Without so much as a backwards glance, he steered her towards the car.

ADJ: ADJ n

2.

If you do something backwards, you do it in the opposite way to the usual way.

He works backwards, building a house from the top downwards.

ADV: ADV after v

3.

You use backwards to indicate that something changes or develops in a way that is not an improvement, but is a return to old ideas or methods.

Greater government intervention in businesses would represent a step backwards.

...the blaming that keeps us looking backward.

ADV: ADV after v, n ADV

4.

see also backward

5.

If someone or something moves backwards and forwards, they move repeatedly first in one direction and then in the opposite direction.

Draw the floss backwards and forwards between the teeth.

...people travelling backwards and forwards to and from London.

PHRASE: PHR after v

6.

to bend over backwards: see bend

backwards

WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE

Backward; Red Dwarf: Backwards; Backwards (disambiguation); Sdrawkcab

ad.

backwards

WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE

Backward; Red Dwarf: Backwards; Backwards (disambiguation); Sdrawkcab

(also backward)

¦ adverb

1. in the direction of one's back.

2. back towards the starting point.

3. in reverse of the usual direction or order.

towards the past.

towards a worse state.

Phrases

backwards and forwards to and fro.

bend (or fall or lean) over backwards informal make every effort, especially to be fair or helpful.

know something backwards be entirely familiar with something.

Forward–backward algorithm

HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL INFERENCE ALGORITHM WHICH COMPUTES THE POSTERIOR MARGINALS OF ALL HIDDEN STATE VARIABLES GIVEN A SEQUENCE OF OBSERVATIONS, MAKING USE OF DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING TO MAKE ONLY 2 PASSES: ONE FORWARD, ONE BACKWARD

Forward/backward algorithm; Posterior decoding; Forward-backward algorithm

The forward–backward algorithm is an inference algorithm for hidden Markov models which computes the posterior marginals of all hidden state variables given a sequence of observations/emissions o_{1:T}:= o_1,\dots,o_T, i.e.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward–backward_algorithm

backward chaining

METHOD OF FORMING INFERENCES

Working backward from the goal; Backward reasoning; Backwards reasoning; Goal-oriented inference

<algorithm> An algorithm for proving a goal by recursively breaking it down into sub-goals and trying to prove these until facts are reached. Facts are goals with no sub-goals which are therefore always true. Backward training is the program execution mechanism used by most logic programming language like Prolog. Opposite: forward chaining. (2004-01-26)

Википедия

Other Backward Class

The Other Backward Class is a collective term used by the Government of India to classify castes which are educationally or socially backward. It is one of several official classifications of the population of India, along with General castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs). The OBCs were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980, and were determined to be 41% in 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation took place. There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is higher than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey.

In the Indian Constitution, OBCs are described as socially and educationally backward classes (SEBC), and the Government of India is enjoined to ensure their social and educational development — for example, the OBCs are entitled to 27% reservations in public sector employment and higher education. The list of OBCs maintained by the Indian Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is dynamic, with castes and communities being added or removed depending on social, educational and economic factors. In a reply to a question in Lok Sabha, Union Minister Jitendra Singh informed that as in January 2016, the percentage of OBCs in central government services is 21.57% and has shown an increasing trend since September, 1993. Likewise, in 2015, at educational institutions, funds meant for OBC students under the reservation policy were not used properly or were underused in cases of upgrading infrastructure as well as in violation of faculty recruitment of OBCs according to the 49% reservation policy.

Until 1985, the affairs of the Backward Classes were looked after by the Backward Classes Cell in the Ministry of Home Affairs. A separate Ministry of Welfare was established in 1985 (renamed in 1998 to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment) to attend to matters relating to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and OBCs. The Backward Classes Division of the Ministry looks after the policy, planning and implementation of programmes relating to social and economic empowerment of OBCs, and matters relating to two institutions set up for the welfare of OBCs, the National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation and the National Commission for Backward Classes.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other Backward Class